Effects of air exposure, time, temperature, and humidity on different serum electrolytes

Background: Pre-analytical, analytical, or post analytical variations can induce, change, or alter the tests results. Laboratory errors lead to unnecessary delays in test report and also increased costs by repeat samples which have become a pain to the patients. Aims and Objectives: The aims of this study were to determine alterations in the concentration of serum sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), and ionized calcium (Ca++) concentration with reference to air exposure, time, temperature, and humidity. Materials and Methods: Fifty samples as case and 50 samples as control were included from a normal healthy population in this study. After getting the samples, first readings were taken for case samples and were uncapped and the remaining samples were set aside capped at 24°C, 20% humidity for half an hour and followed by second reading which was taken. Results: Variation in the mean serum sodium between groups is 0.06 mEq/L (0.04%) and 0.08 mEq/L (0.07%) which is very negligible and insignificant (P > 0.05). The mean level of serum K+ in cases is 4.35 mEq/L and in controls is 4.27 mEq/L. After half an hour, the mean level of serum K+ in cases is 4.51 mEq/L and, in controls, is 4.29 mEq/L. Hence, the variation in results in cases is 0.16 mEq/L (3.68%) and in controls is 0.02 mEq/L (0.47%) which is highly significant (P < 0.05). The mean level of serum Ca++ in cases is 1.15 mmol/L and in controls is 1.17 mmol/L. After half an hour, the mean level of serum Ca++ in cases is 1.09 mmol/L and in controls is 1.16 mmol/L. Hence, the variation in results in cases is 0.06 mmol/L (5.22%) and in controls is 0.01 mmol/L (0.85%) which is highly significant (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Air exposure significantly alters the serum K+ and Ca++ level, but the alteration in serum Na+ level is not significant.

Comparison of serum calcium, serum magnesium, serum sodium and serum potassium in patients of preeclampsia and normal pregnant women-a cross-sectional study

Background: Preeclampsia is a clinical condition in which the patient is suffering from hypertension and proteinuria, which may be associated with pathological edema. There are multiple systems involved in pre-eclampsia which is the main culprit to complicate the pregnancy. In developing nations, approximately 4–18% of pregnancies are complicated by preeclampsia which is a major cause of morbidity and mortality globally. It does not affect pregnant females only, but may be life-threatening for growing fetuses too. If we consider the mortality in all pregnant females, about 10–15% of maternal deaths are due to pre-eclampsia. Aims and Objectives: The main objective of this study is to compare the serum calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium level in preeclampsia patients and normal pregnant women. Materials and Methods: After taking written consent from the patients, randomly 50 pregnant females diagnosed by a gynecologist as suffering from preeclampsia were selected and for the control group 50 pregnant females who came for routine checkups were selected. 5 ml of blood was collected in the clot activator tube. The samples were analyzed for serum calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium on a fully automated biochemistry analyzer ”Erba XL 640” in HiTech, clinical biochemistry laboratory, B.J medical college, Ahmedabad. Results: The result showed a decreased level of serum calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium in the study group compared to the control group. The S. calcium level was (7.624 ± 0.84) and (8.52 ± 0.80) mg/dl in the study and control groups respectively. The S. magnesium level in the study and control were (1.47 ± 0.25) and (1.79 ± 0.18) mg/dl, respectively. S. sodium levels were (131.46 ± 6.96) and (139.92±7.86) mEq/L in the study and control groups, respectively. And the level of S. potassium in the study and control groups was (3.39 ± 0.52) and (3.67 ± 0.38) mEq/L, respectively. All the parameter values are significantly lower in a study group in comparison to control group patients (P < 0.001). Conclusion: From our study, we have concluded that the serum level of some parameters such as calcium, magnesium, sodium, and potassium was significantly decreased in patients suffering from preeclampsia. We can also conclude that these parameters can be used as a biomarker for the diagnosis of preeclampsia.

Association of the serum calcium level with metabolic syndrome and its components among adults in Taiwan

ABSTRACT Objective: An increasing amount of literature indicates that the serum calcium level may be related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) and obesity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the serum calcium level and MetS in adults in Taiwan. Subjects and methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study and enrolled 1,580 participants (54.4% women; mean age, 33.28 ± 12.21 years) who underwent health examinations in northern Taiwan between 2012 and 2016. Logistic regression was performed to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of MetS and its components in groups of patients in the tertiles of the serum calcium level. Results: In total, 167 participants (10.6%) had MetS. The odds of high systolic blood pressure (BP), blood glucose, and triglyceride (TG) levels significantly increased as the serum calcium level increased. Compared with the participants in the lowest tertile of the serum calcium level (tertile 1), those in the second tertile (OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 0.97-2.23) and third tertile (OR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.06-2.53) had a significantly higher risk of MetS. Further analyses revealed a significant association between MetS and an increased serum calcium level in those in the overweight and obese groups. However, there was no association between the serum calcium levels and MetS in those in the normal weight group. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a higher serum calcium level is associated with an increased risk of MetS and its components in adults with overweight and obesity.

Significance of Lymphocyte-to-Monocyte Ratio and Corrected Levels of Serum Calcium as Prognostic Markers in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Multiple Myeloma / 中国实验血液学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the significance of peripheral blood lymphocyte to monocyte ratio (LMR) and corrected levels of serum calcium (cCa) as prognostic markers for the newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients.@*METHODS@#The clinical data of 114 newly diagnosed MM patients in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2013 to March 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the optimal cutoff value, and the patients were divided into high LMR group and low LMR group (LMR≥3.35 and LMR < 3.35). Moreover, the patients were divided into four groups according to initial diagnosis LMR and LMR after four courses of treatment (LMR4): Group A (LMR≥3.35, LMR4≥3.35), Group B (LMR≥3.35, LMR4 < 3.35), Group C (LMR < 3.35, LMR4≥3.35), and group D (LMR < 3.35, LMR4 < 3.35). The simple prognosis model was established by combined with LMR and cCa, the patients were divided into Group a (no risk factor), group b (1 risk factor) and Group c (2 risk factors). Independent sample T-test, Pearson Chi-square test or Mann-Whitney U test were used to evaluate the differences between various parameters, and Kaplan-Meier method and Cox regression were used for survival analysis.@*RESULTS@#The median follow-up time was 13.05（0.1-72.5）months. Survival analysis showed that the patients with low LMR predicted poor prognosis, the overall survival (OS) time of the patients with low LMR was significantly shorter (17 vs 50.5 months, P=0.006) than the patients with high LMR, the difference was also significant between group A and Group D (56.5 vs 30.5 months, P=0.043). The OS of the patients was also significantly shorter in the high cCa group (≥2.75 mmol/L) compared with normal group (8.5 vs 34 months, P=0.006). Multivariate survival analysis showed that LMR < 3.35 (P=0.028) and cCa≥2.75 mmol/L (P=0.036) were the independent risk factors affecting prognosis of MM patients. The comparison of risk factors showed that the median OS of Group a, b and c was 50, 20, and 8.5 months, respectively. The prognosis of the patients without risk factors was better than that of patients with 1-2 risk factors (Group a vs Group b, P < 0.0001; Group a vs Group c, P=0.002).@*CONCLUSION@#LMR and cCa are the independent risk factors affecting the prognosis of newly diagnosed MM patients, and the development of a simple prognosis system combining them can quickly identify the prognosis of newly diagnosed MM patients.

Effects of two oral calcium agents on the changes of Ca2+ and PTH in first-time and regular blood donors / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To investigate the effects of oral calcium gluconate and calcium lactate granules on the changes of serum calcium(Ca2+ ) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) in first-time and regular apheresis platelet donors. 【Methods】 From July to November 2020, 84 first-time platelet donors and 35 regular blood donors were recruited for the study. The first-time donors, who were divided equally into two groups, each with 42 cases (28 males and 14 females), participated in two calcium experiments(each ≥14 days) with the regular donors. In the first experimental cycle, calcium gluconate oral solution (2 sticks of calcium gluconate for 180 mg of calcium supplement) was taken 20 min before donation; in the second experimental cycle, calcium lactate granules (2.5 g/bag for180 mg of calcium supplement) was taken 20 min before donation. Serum calcium and parathyroid hormone levels were measured before (20 min), starting (0 min), during (20, 40 min) blood collection. 【Results】 Total calcium levels in both first-time and regular donors began to decrease significantly at 20 min of collection and leveled off at 40 min of collection, while the overall PTH levels showed a rapid increase and then a slow decrease. Significant differences(P<0.01) were noticed for the comparison of changes in serum calcium before calcium supplementation in fixed and first-time donors; P<0.01 for the comparison of changes in Ca2+ and PTH at 20 min of collection versus before calcium supplementation; P<0.01 for the comparison of changes in Ca2+ and PTH at 40 min of collection versus the beginning of collection; and P<0.05 for the comparison of changes in Ca2+ in calcium in the two groups at 40 min of collection in first-time donors. For two calcium supplementation groups, significant differences(P<0.01) were noticed for comparison of changes in PTH at 20 min and 40 min of collection. The occurrence of toxic reactions to sodium citrate was similar in two calcium supplementation groups either donated regularly or for the first time. 【Conclusion】 For first-time apheresis donors, taking oral calcium gluconate solution 20 min before donation is more appropriate; for regular donors, taking calcium lactate flush is better, which could effectively stabilize the fluctuation of serum calcium and PTH during blood collection. and reduce the occurrence of hypocalcemia symptoms. This has a positive preventive effect on the reduction of toxic reactions to sodium citrate and minimize its incidence in blood donors.

Clinical effect and mechanism of moxibustion combined with western medication for rheumatoid arthritis of liver-kidney deficiency / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the clinical effect of moxibustion combined with western medication for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) of liver-kidney deficiency, and explore the mechanism of moxibustion for RA.@*METHODS@#A total of 60 patients with RA of liver-kidney deficiency were randomly divided into an observation group and a control group, 30 cases in each group. In the control group，leflunomide tablets were taken orally, once a day. On the base of the treatment as the control group, moxibustion was applied at Sanyinjiao (SP 6), Shenshu (BL 23), Zusanli (ST 36) and @*RESULTS@#After treatment, the TCM syndrome scores, HAQ scores and DAS-28 scores were decreased in the two groups (@*CONCLUSION@#Moxibustion combined with western medication can effectively relieve clinical symptoms, improve quality of life in RA patients, the curative effect is better than simple western medication. And its mechanism may be related to the regulation of serum level of Ca

A study of maternal serum calcium and serum magnesium levels in pre-eclamptic and normotensive pregnancies

Background: Hypertensive disorders are major factors responsible for morbidity and mortality in pregnancy and pre-eclampsia is the leading cause. The etiopathology of pre-eclampsia is not known even after significant research done on it. A strong strategy in its management is to try to reduce the incidence and severity by predicting its occurrence. In this study, the effect of serum calcium and serum magnesium levels is being investigated with occurrence pre-eclampsia.Methods: Total 120 pregnant patients attending Tirath Ram Shah Hospital were included in the study. They were divided into two groups namely normotensive and hypertensive of 60 each. The serum calcium and serum magnesium levels were estimated and the correlation of these levels was studied with the pre-eclampsia related factors. The data was analysed by application of statistical test of significance.Results: Mean serum calcium level in the normotensive group was 10.119±1.27 mg/dl while mean serum calcium level in the hypertensive group was 9.461±1.164. Mean serum magnesium level in the normotensive women in the study was 1.979±0.405 mg/dl. In the hypertensive women, mean serum magnesium level was 1.723±0.414 mg/dl.Conclusions: This study shows that low levels of calcium and magnesium are found in serum of pre-eclampsia patients as compared to normotensive cases of the study population. The severity of pre-eclampsia is inversely proportional to the levels of serum calcium and magnesium.

Correlation between QoTc and serum as well as ionised calcium in sick neonates

Background: Hypocalcemia is a frequently observed clinical and laboratory abnormality in neonates with risk factors such as prematurity, infant of diabetic mothers and perinatal asphyxia. Hypocalcemia can be asymptomatic or can cause apnoea, seizures, jitteriness, stridor, cardiac abnormalities. Clinically as calcium levels are maintained within narrow ranges. It is therefore imperative to measure and correct any deficit at the earliest. Unfortunately, total serum calcium level correlates poorly with ionized calcium level. Measurement of ionized calcium is both time consuming and expensive and therefore the need for more rapid, inexpensive and non-invasive method for screening at risk-neonates. Serum calcium levels are known to affect the duration of the QoTc interval. Therefore establishing a good correlation between serum/ionized calcium levels and QoTc will validate ECG as a reliable marker of hypocalcemia. Objective was to find correlation between QoTc interval and serum calcium levels in sick neonates.Methods: Total 730 infants were for serum total calcium and ionized calcium levels. Off these 142 infants with hypocalcemia, 29 infants were excluded based on exclusion criteria. The remaining 113 neonates were subjected to three cycles of ECG measurement before correction of calcium and were taken as cases. QoTc intervals were measured and were correlated with corresponding serum total calcium and ionized calcium levels.Results: In this study, a moderate negative or downhill correlation was found between total serum calcium QoT (r = -0.694 and p = <0.001) and QoTc (r = -0.680 and p = <0.001). The ionized calcium levels were found to have strong negative or downhill correlation with QoT (r = -0.837 and p = <0.001), QoTc (r = -0.819 and p = <0.001). All these correlations were found to be statistically significant with p<0.05.Conclusions: QoTc interval can be used as a surrogate marker for blood total or ionized calcium levels.

Timing of hypocalcemia after total or near total thyroidectomy: a prospective observational study

Background: Hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy is the most common metabolic complication that prolongs the hospital stay. The aim of this study was to determine timing of hypocalcemia postoperatively and determine the safest day to discharge post-total or near-total thyroidectomy patients based on serum calcium level.Methods: From October 2012 to January 2017, the medical records of 117 consecutive patients who underwent a total or near-total, completion or redo thyroidectomy for benign and malignant thyroid diseases in two university hospitals were prospectively analyzed. The serum calcium was measured preoperatively, on the morning on the first, second, third and fourth postoperative days and the postoperative day on which hypocalcemia developed was identified.Results: Of the 117 patients who underwent a total or near thyroidectomy, 36 (30.7%) developed hypocalcemia, which was transient in 34 (29%) and permanent in two (1.7%) patients. The postoperative hypocalcemia was mild in 10 (8.5%) patients, and 26 (22.2%) patients developed significant postoperative hypocalcemia. Of the 36 patients who developed hypocalcemia postoperatively, the peak incidence of hypocalcemia (72.2%) was on the first postoperative day, and by the third day serum calcium measurement detected 97.3% of patients who developed hypocalcemia.Conclusions: Postoperative serial serum calcium levels may be useful for identifying patients suitable for early discharge following total/near total thyroid surgery in hospitals that lack the facilities. Hypocalcemia peaked on the first postoperative day. However, based on serum calcium levels alone, the third postoperative day is the crucial day for deciding whether to discharge the patients.

Evaluation of Vitamin D Status in Children with Nephrotic Syndrome in Remission in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India

Childhood nephrotic syndrome (NS) is characterized by massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemiaassociated with peripheral edema. Children with NS lose 25-OH vitamin D binding protein in urine, and canhave low blood levels of this metabolite. The present hospital-based study was carried out on a total of 50children with nephrotic syndrome who are in remission, in the age group of 1-15 years of either gender,attending to our pediatric nephrology clinic. 46% had clear deficiency of vitamin D, while insufficiency waspresent in 28% and normal levels in only 26% of patients. There was significant difference (p<0.05) in 25-OHvitamin D levels between frequent relapsers (FR) as compared to infrequent relapsers (IR) and first episode ofnephrotic syndrome. Hypocalcemia was present in 86% of patients, hypophosphatemia in 10% of patients,hyperphosphatemia in 50% and raised alkaline phosphatase in 36% of patients. Strong positive correlation isobserved between serum calcium and vitamin D levels (r=0.720; p<0.001) and moderate negative correlationbetween phosphorous and vitamin D levels (r= -0.577; p<0.001, but insignificant relation between vitamin Dand alkaline phosphate levels (r= -0.248; p<0.082). It is concluded that vitamin D deficiency is commonamong children with nephrotic syndrome even after remission of proteinuria. There exists a strong positivecorrelation between serum calcium and vitamin D levels.

A study of monitoring of early postoperative serum calcium levels in total thyroidectomy and its role in predicting temporary or permanent hypocalcemia: a prospective observational study

Background: This aim of study was to evaluate the ability of consecutive measurements of serum calcium levels to predict clinically relevant post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia and to assess risk factors for post-thyroidectomy hypocalcaemia.Methods: The study design was a prospective observational study, total 65 patients who undergoing completion or total thyroidectomy. Serum calcium level was measured at the time of first follow up (nearly 20th postoperative day) and patient was examined for signs of hypocalcemia.Results: In this study, 65 patients of all age group included from 19 years to 78 years. The mean (±SD) age of the patients was 47.65±12.35 years with range from 19 to 78 years. The mean difference of calcium values after 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours and 48 hours post-operative period were statistically significant (p<0.001) between patients with hypocalcaemia and patient with normokalaemia in unpaired t-test.Conclusions: There was no significant increase in morbidity (including postoperative hypocalcaemia) in completion thyroidectomy compared to primary total thyroidectomy.

Evaluation of mineral status in hypothyroidism in a tertiary care centre

Background: Hypothyroidism is known to be the commonest form of endocrine disorders and has been linked with disturbances in various minerals metabolism. Calcium, phosphorus and magnesium and trace element zinc are required for many enzymes in various metabolic pathways which are directly or indirectly regulated by thyroid hormones. Aim and objectives of the study was to estimate serum zinc, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in hypothyroid patients, with the objectives to evaluate any relationship with TSH and to compare them with euthyroid controls.Methods: The analytical cross-sectional study included 50 hypothyroid subjects with TSH levels >4.5 mcg IU/mL and 50 euthyroid subjects of 20-50 years in RMCH, Bareilly. TSH was estimated by ECLIA, serum calcium and phosphorus were estimated by autoanalyzer and serum zinc & magnesium by the kit method using semi autoanalyzer. All the biochemical parameters were expressed as median with Interquartile Range (IQR). Mann-Whitney test was applied to compare the parameters of cases and control. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient 2-tailed was used to correlate the parameters among the cases.Results: A significantly decreased level of serum calcium and increased level of serum magnesium and phosphorus were observed in hypothyroid cases. A significant negative correlation between TSH and serum calcium while a significant positive correlation of serum magnesium and phosphorus with TSH was observed.Conclusions: The indexed study indicates the significant effect of overt or subclinical hypothyroidism over the mineral status of the body which may have inconsistent effect over the various metabolism and enzymes and thereby clinical manifestations.

Study of Serum Calcium Levels in Newly Detected Patients with Essential Hypertension.

Introduction: Calcium is a key factor in regulatingcardiovascular function and alteration in calcium metabolismand has been shown to be associated with human hypertension.Serum calcium levels are found to be significantly lowered inhypertensives. The aim of the study was to estimate total andcorrected serum calcium levels in patients with newly detectedhypertension and determine its correlation with systolic anddiastolic blood pressures.Material and methods: This was a hospital based crosssectional study in which newly detected patients with essentialhypertension were enrolled. Corrected Serum calcium levelswere estimated in all patients at the time of the study. Calciumlevels were correlated with systolic and diastolic pressure,age, gender, family history of hypertension, sedentary lifestyle, smoking, alcohol intake and BMI.Results: A total of 100 patients were studied. 71% were over60 years. 51% were males. Family history of hypertensionwas present in 54%. 38% were smokers and 24% consumedalcohol. 38% had a BMI of 25 and above. 60% had a sedentarylife style. Corrected serum calcium levels were decreasedin 65% of patients with hypertension. Significant negativecorrelation was found between corrected serum calcium levelsand systolic and diastolic blood pressures.Conclusions: Corrected serum calcium levels were reduced inpatients with essential hypertension and significant negativecorrelation was seen between corrected serum calcium levelsand systolic and diastolic blood pressures.

Management of pseudohypoparathyroidism in pregnancy: a rare entity

Pseudohypoparathyroidism is a very rare genetic disorder and during pregnancy poses multiple challenges related to its monitoring and management. Authors present the case of a  30year old primigravida who was a diagnosed case of pseudohypoparathyroidism since 22 yrs of age, presented to our obs/gynae OPD at 5+5 wks of POG. She was managed by serial monitoring of serum calcium, phosphate and vitamin D throughout  pregnancy with careful dose modification of calcium from 1gm to 3.5gm daily and vitamin D from  0.5mcg  to 1.5mcg daily. During her course of pregnancy, she developed gestational hypothyroidism, gestational diabetes mellitus, intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy and gestational hypertension which were controlled and managed successfully. She had an elective caesarean section at 37+6 wks POG for transverse lie. Both maternal and perinatal outcome were good. Patient was discharged with advice to continue with her monitoring of serum calcium, phosphate, vitamin D along with supplementation of calcium and vitamin D life long.

Study on the Prevalence of Osteoporosis and the Association between the Serum Calcium Levels and the Bone Mineral Density Levels in Postmenopausal Women

Introduction: The prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosisis increasing day by day in post-menopausal women dueto hormonal imbalance, deficiency or malabsorption ofcalcium which reduces bone mineral density. The presentstudy was aimed to find out the prevalence of osteoporosisin postmenopausal women and the association between theserum calcium levels and the bone mineral density levels.Material and methods: It was a cross sectional studycomprising of 60 post-menopausal women in a range of45 to 58 years. The serum calcium levels were measuredusing COBAS INTEGRA automatic analyzer and the bonemineral density was measured by using Dual energy x – rayabsorptiometry (DEXA). The WHO criteria for osteoporosisusing T score were considered to classify the post-menopausalwomen.Results: The incidence of the bone mineral density changesin post-menopausal women was reported as 1.6% was normal,21.6% were in the stage of osteopenia and 76.66% were inthe stage of osteoporosis. The mean bone mineral density wasobserved as -2.75 ± 1.09. The mean serum calcium levels inpostmenopausal women were reported as 8.47 ± 1.13mg/dl.Weak positive correlation was observed with R value as 0.042,but statistically not significant association was observed.Conclusion: The prevalence of osteoporosis is very high inthe post-menopausal women. The correlation between theserum calcium and the bone mineral density was observed tobe positive but not statistically significant.

Estimation Of Serum Calcium Level In Essential Hypertension And Its Prognostic Significance

Hypertension is an important worldwide public-health challenge because of its high frequency and concomitant risks of cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and kidney disease. This study was designed to compare total and ionized calcium levels between patients with newly detected essential hypertension and normotensive controls. The ionized serum calcium levels are significantly lowered in newly detected essential hypertensive patients when compared to normotensive controls. The total serum calcium levels are not significant and levels are found to be same in the hypertensive as well as the normotensive patients. The total and ionized serum calcium levels have a significant negative correlation with the level of systolic blood pressure and with the diastolic blood pressure in newly detected essential hypertensive patients. The total and ionized serum calcium levels showed no significant difference with age, sex, BMI, life style, smoking, alcohol, family history of hypertension in newly detected essential hypertensive patients

Role of Serum Iron and Serum Calcium in Patients of Cholelithiasis

Gangetic plains are known to have a very high incidence of cholelithiasis, the eiopathogenesis of which cannot be ascertained. Aim: to conduct a study to find a correlation, if any between the incidence of gallstone disease and the serum Iron and serum Calcium levels of patients and compare it with controls. Methods: 50 patients and 50 controls were taken and serum Iron and serum Calcium of both were evaluated. The distribution of age, sex and gender were taken as factors. Results and conclusion: The number of female patients was higher than the males but no strong association could be proven in the study. Among the symptoms dyspepsia had the highest incidence but could not be taken as a reliable marker for the diagnosis of cholelithiasis clinically. Hence, ultrasonography remains a very important tool for the diagnosis of the diasease .The role of serum Iron and serum Calcium in the etiopathogenesis could not be established. There was however a strong correlation of previous surgery in the formation of new gallstones .The family history was a strong factor for the formation of new gallstone disease however, the association was not established in this study. Gallstone disease had stronger association with anaemia than with serum Serum Iron. Calcium levels were comparable between the cases and the controls.

Evaluation of Parathyroid Hormones, Serum Calcium and Risk of Fracture in Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Women: A Hospital Based Study

Osteoporosis is a progressive disorder of aging bone in both men and women, and osteoporotic fractures have become a major public health threat in recent years. Methods: Randomly selected 90 subjects, according to exclusion & inclusion criteria, with age in between 20-65 years. Results: Statistically not significant correlation between age with serum calcium, PTH and calcitonin in both pre-menopausal and postmenopausal women. Conclusion: Postmenopausal women have low calcium and calcitonin level along with higher parathyroid level which results in osteoporosis in female population after menopause.

Study of Serum Calcium in Essential Hypertension and its Co-Relation with Severity of the Disease

Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death and disability among adults all over the world and emerging health problem in India. Over 90% of patients with high blood pressure have Essential Hypertension. Alterations in the intracellular free Calcium regulation as well as disturbances of extracellular calcium homeostasis have been observed in patients with essential hypertension. AIM: To study the levels of serum Calcium in patients with primary hypertension and to correlate the serum Calcium levels with severity of disease. Methods: Information for the study was collected from patients admitted to BLDEDU’S Shri B.M Patil Medical college Hospital and Research center, Vijayapura from November 2016 to June 2018. Patients were screened and who met inclusion criteria where studied. Serum calcium was done in total 126 patient which were divided equally in 3 groups named Stage I Hypertensives, Stage II Hypertensives, and Controls or Normotensives, 42 patients in each groups and results were obtained and Comparative Study was done. Results: In our study mean age in hypertensive patients was 50.80 ± 19.38 and in controls it was 43.19 ± 19.171. There was no significant difference of serum calcium was obtained in relation to age in both the Stage of Hypertension. There was no significant difference in relation to gender. In total Hypertensives cases mean ± SD of S. Calcium was 8.408 ± 1.07 mg/dl while in normotensives cases it was 9.190 ± 0.7827 mg/dl. In all Stage I Hypertensive case mean ± SD of S. Calcium was 8.626 ± 0.6012 mg/dl (p = 0.032) while in Stage II Hypertensive it was 8.190 ± 1.3668 mg/dl (p = 0.0001). This results were significantly low than normotensives. But comparing both Stage of Hypertension mean was lower in stage II but it is not significantly low. So level of S. Calcium has inverse relation with Hypertension severity. Conclusion: In patients of Essential hypertension mean serum Calcium levels were found to be low in comparison to Normotensives. Further, Stage II Hypertensive patient has more reduced levels of serum calcium than Stage I, hence low Serum Calcium levels were associated as the severity of the disease increases.

Comparative Study on Serum Calcium Level in Preeclampsia Patients and Normal Pregnancy at Medical College & Hospital

Preeclampsia is a multi-system disorder with varied etiology. Serum calcium derangements have been reported in this group. Methods: The present comparative study included 50 cases with preeclampsia and 50 controls. History was taken from each patient and thorough clinical examination was done. Serum calcium levels were estimated and compared. Result: Serum calcium levels were lower in women with preeclampsia and the difference was statistically significant (p=0.000). Conclusion: Hypocalcaemia may have a role in pre-eclampsia.